There is one material that has been treasure for its beauty and value over the course of history. But new manipulations may make it worth more than its weight. You may know it for it's bling, but gold sometimes hides in places where you can't see it's shine. For example, take a look at a stained glass window. Some of the panes might look red, but it's gold that gives it that hue. If you make gold really, really small, it becomes other colors. And in the world of nano particles, a little gold can go a long way. You've probably seen a nugget of gold and understood its value. >> Of all the metals, gold has been. Fulfilling three different functions, because if it went into jewelry, bracelets, brooches, all kinds of dress accessories. Gold reflected the beauty, the status, but at the same time could be used Used for storing wealth and pass from one generation to the other. As gold was used for a means of exchange, a small quantity of gold could be exchanged for all the goods on board on the market. And finally, gold had a, from a very early moment, a strong association with the divine, which we still have nowadays. It goes, gold goes into the Liturgical vessels in the church. It goes into all sorts of aspects, for example, the covers of the Bible are usually made of gold, or gilded. But he goes even beyond the objects them self, on the building, that mark the building especially, in the form of gold leaf plated. Such as those of the Russian church. >> But the unique optical and physical properties of gold nano particles are being used in bio medical application. >> Gold is a noble metal and >> So in principle, it's relatively safe to use in small quantities with clean cut samples, or even in the body of the patient. So, when people start to just think about using nano particles to deliver therapies or drugs, they thought about gold as one of the options. When people started to think about how to use nanotechnology for cancer they looked at two large major areas of application. One was diagnostics, the other was delivery of therapy in a more effective way. And in general, what nano particles can do is deliver the therapeutic cargo in more localized manner to the tumor side, and by that means, it reduces the side effects, and hopefully also improve the efficacy or effectiveness of the treatment. Since this is new technology, we have to pay attention to the fact how safe these nano particles are in terms of being used to treat the patient and also how safe they are with respect to the personnel who is producing them. But again, there is a set of regulations and also different evaluation techniques which allow to determining and make their development responsible and safe. Treating cancer is very difficult. I mean, we've been doing it for a long time. We have made of quite a bit of progress, but unfortunately people are still dying from cancer. And there are some cancers which we had a lot of success to treat. And there are some others like, for instance, brain or lung or pancreatic which are very difficult to treat. So, naturally developing new therapies often relies on modification of the approaches which already exist. For instance, combination therapies when you're trying to put two or more different drugs into one cocktail, which you hope will have a synergistic effect and as a result will provide a better treatment. And again, all these concepts can be supported by deliver of nano particles for the reasons which we already mentioned. And also if you try to meter different drugs in the cocktail, if you put them on one particle, this meter can be more accurate. >> Probably one of the most fantastic uses of gold in recent times for rapid diagnostic test. Where just a drop of blood to the test strip and gold nano particles. It would drive a change of color to show whether a disease is present or not. Needless to say, this has revolutionary consequences, because it makes health costs. It drives health costs very low. And it could be used in no particular elements added in any area of the world. Even the remotest poorest of them to actually spot and treat these diseases very early on. We now use gold in ways that was not even conceivable years ago. It is used in photography. Actually, the best quality of printing is gold ink, added to the ink printers for high quality image. It is used in glass making, just a bit of drop in a kneeling, just a bit of gold on a suspended in glass can produce a very bright red, ruby red, which is what goes into the stained glass. But the same time, the gold film could be added to the windows. Either to protect them from radiation, solar radiation from the outside. This is actually the principle of the astronaut helmet visor to protect the astronaut's face from solar radiation in space. Gold is used in electronics. Every cellphone contains about $.50 worth of gold in it. Now, its a very small amount, for sure. Its smaller than the one that goes into gold ingots or jewelry, or what have you. But, if you think of the enormous amount of cellphones that exist out there. That quantity is quite substantial. And as a mater of fact, there is very little recycling of the phones, which actually has driven the cost of gold on the market as a whole, worldwide, up, precisely because of that. Because the many uses of gold imply the use of a certain quantity of gold, globally, right? Than the quantity of gold remaining available for any other uses, such as jewelry for example, is smaller. And that actually drives the price of gold up, which implies that resources of gold being limited, we are practically looking at a higher price for the gold in your cellphones. Which will mean that the cell phones themselves will actually be priced higher. >> One of the challenges is to develop And establish manufacturing practices which will allow to produce larger quantities of parts which we'll currently use, as well of the parts of the next generations. In such a way that there will be have a lot of large quantities properties. >> Gold has always been treasured. Now we see its life saving potential gives it an entirely new value. How can you ensure that it's wealth can be shared with all of society?